It is situated upon a tell, or mound, formed by successive historical periods of construction over the centuries, a common pattern in Middle Eastern archaeology. The Erbil Citadel, locally called Qelat is a tell or occupied mound, and the historical city centre of Erbil in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Co-located with the U.S. Consulate General is the USAID office serving the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. In 2007, the High Commission for Erbil Citadel Revitalization (HCECR) was established to oversee the restoration of the citadel. Parallel bomb attacks against Eid celebrations killed 109 people on 1 February 2004. Since then, archaeological research and restoration works have been carried out at and around the tell by various international teams and in co-operation with local specialists, and many areas remain off-limits to visitors due to the danger of unstable walls and infrastructure. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 21 reviews. Most businesspeople are merchants, buying and selling food and services connected mostly with the construction industry. It lies 80 kilometres (50 miles) east of Mosul, and is the capital of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Erbil is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, dating back to 6,000 years B.C. However, Muhammad “Sami” Abdul Rahman, a well-known Kurdish leader, and more than 100 other people were killed by a bomb that was detonated at an important reception in February 2004; Islamic extremists took credit for the atrocity. The city of Erbil is administered as a district, headed by a qāʾim-maqām (mayor). In 1297, after Ghazan had felt strong enough to overcome Nauruz's influence, he put a stop to the persecutions. The other significant museum in Erbil, the Erbil Civilization Museum, houses some artifacts discovered in the area. Author of. [12] The city was designated as Arab Tourism Capital 2014 by the Arab Council of Tourism. The main gate is guarded by an immense statue of a Kurd reading. The infrastructure of the city and governorate of Erbil were largely ignored under Iraqi rule after World War I and suffered greatly during the Kurdish struggle against Saddam Hussein in the 1970s and later. When the Mongols invaded the Near East in the 13th century, they attacked Arbil for the first time in 1237. Temperatures often reach 32 °F (0 °C) in the winter. The attack targeted the US coalition base in the northern Iraq city, killing a civilian contractor and injuring eight others.. The house of the citadel behind him are built into stony ground of the mound and look down on the streets and tarmacked roads that circle them. …by modern settlements, such as Arbīl (ancient Arbela), some 200 miles north of Baghdad, or sites that are surmounted by shrines and tombs of holy men are closed to archaeological research.…, …and Urbilum, later Arbela (modern Irbīl, some 200 miles north of Baghdad).…, …but several towns, such as Arbela (modern Irbīl) and Nisibis (modern Nusaybin), later became important centres. Neighbors to the Parthians in north eastern Iran, these early Iranian tribes were nomadic pastoralists, reputed to use the lasso as their principal weapon. (Somewhat inaccurately, the confrontation is sometimes known as the "Battle of Arbela".) It is located approximately in the center of the Iraqi Kurdistan region and north of Iraq. [29], Erbil lies on the plain beneath the mountains, but, for the most part, the inhabitants of Iraqi Kurdistan dwell up above in the rugged and rocky terrain that is the traditional habitat of the Kurds since time immemorial. Erbil, also spelled Arbil, locally called Hewlêr by the Kurds, is the capital city of Iraqi Kurdistan and the most populated city in the Kurdish inhabited areas of Iraq. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [27][28] The metropolitanate of Ḥadyab in Arbela (Syriac: ܐܪܒܝܠ Arbel) became a centre of eastern Syriac Christianity until late in the Middle Ages.[29]. Erbil has 30 foreign diplomatic representations, including 18 full consulates general. Urban life in Erbil can be dated back to at least 6000 BC and it is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. On its western edge the city also boasts the impressive Muẓaffariyyah Minaret (Kurdish Choly Minara), constructed in 1190–1232 and reaching a height of 120 feet (36 metres). Erbil became a part of the Musul Vilayet in Ottoman Empire for until World War I, when the Ottomans and their Kurdish and Turcoman allies were defeated by the British Empire. Professor of Political Science, Tennessee Technological University. [30] It served as the seat of a Metropolitan of the Assyrian Church of the East. Erbil, capital of Erbil governorate, Iraq. Nováček, K., Amin, N., & Melčák, M. (2013). … Erbil’s Kurdish Sunni Muslim majority speaks the Sōrānī Kurdish dialect. Erbil, also spelled Arbil, locally called Hewlêr by the Kurds, is the capital city of Iraqi Kurdistan and the most populated city in the Kurdish inhabited areas of Iraq. Erbil went on to be the seat of rule of the Adiabene Kingdom in the first century AD, largely located to the north west in the region of modern day Diyarbakir in Turkey. The American Village in Erbil, Kurdistan is strategically located in a country with lots of future potential. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Erbil is the birthplace of Ibn Khallikān (1211–82), the Muslim jurist famous as the compiler of a great biographical dictionary of Arab scholars, and, in modern times, İhsan Doğramacı (1915–2010), a famous Turkish physician and educational administrator, and Abdulla Pashew (born 1946), an eminent Kurdish poet. Refered to as “Hawler” in Kurdish, Erbil is the capital of Kurdistan and is located … During the reign of the Ilkhan Öljeitü the Assyrian inhabitants retreated to the citadel to escape persecution. The town was built on the side of a mountain range by the Kurdish Prince Zand in 580 B.C. It became one of the most important tourist landmarks in Iraq. [35][36] Hülegü then appointed an Assyrian Christian governor to the town, and the Syriac Orthodox Church was allowed to build a church. Akre is located 100 km East of Duhok, 25 km from the Ruvea intersection, on the way to Erbil and the Barzan Region. B. James. From the city's Christian period come many church fathers and well-known authors in Syriac. The Battle of Gaugamela, in which Alexander the Great defeated Darius III of Persia, took place in 331 BC approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of Erbil.
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