From Newburgh, they traveled by bus to the United States Military Academy at West Point and stayed at the Thayer Hotel for three days, receiving a heroes' welcome all along the route. Carter ordered the U.S. military to attempt a rescue mission – Operation Eagle Claw – using warships that included USS Nimitz and USS Coral Sea, which were patrolling the waters near Iran. However, in 1951 Iran’s newly elected prime minister, a European-educated nationalist named Muhammad Mossadegh, announced a plan to nationalize the country’s oil industry. In 2000 the hostages and their families tried unsuccessfully to sue Iran under the Antiterrorism Act of 1996. These events led the Iranian government to enter negotiations with the U.S., with Algeria acting as a mediator. It was also a way to raise the intra- and international profile of the revolution’s leader, the anti-American cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. They had been in captivity for 444 days. Outside the door, there is a bronze model based on the Statue of Liberty on one side and a statue portraying one of the hostages on the other. During the Second World War, the British and the Soviet governments dispatched troops to occupy Iran to force the abdication of first Pahlavi monarch Reza Shah Pahlavi, in favor of his eldest son, Crown Prince Mohammad. He was found by guards and rushed to the hospital. [138] Nevertheless, the crisis strengthened Iranians who had supported the hostage-taking. The Americans saw the hostage-taking as an egregious violation of the principles of international law, such as the Vienna Convention, which granted diplomats immunity from arrest and made diplomatic compounds inviolable.[8][9][10][11]. Others went to the Swedish Embassy in Tehran for three months. In September 1980 Iraq invaded Iran, beginning the Iran–Iraq War. "[109] Television news gave daily updates. "[42] Masoumeh Ebtekar, the spokeswoman for the Iranian students during the crisis, said that those who rejected Asgharzadeh's plan did not participate in the subsequent events. [118] Furious, Vance handed in his resignation on principle, calling Brzezinski "evil."[118]. have suggested that the greatest benefit of the takeover of the American Embassy was the acquisition of intelligence contained within the embassy, including the identity of informants to the U.S. government, which the new Islamist government could use to remove potential dissenters and consolidate its gains. However, the hostage-taking was about more than the Shah’s medical care: it was a dramatic way for the student revolutionaries to declare a break with Iran’s past and an end to American interference in its affairs. On November 4, 1979, one of the demonstrations organized by Iranian student unions loyal to Khomeini erupted into an all-out conflict right outside the walled compound housing the U.S. Embassy. The Iran hostage crisis negotiations were negotiations in 1980 and 1981 between the United States Government and the Iranian Government to end the Iranian hostage crisis. [88] All of the hostages "were threatened repeatedly with execution, and took it seriously. The Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line demanded that Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi return to Iran for trial and execution. The remaining US hostages are released on January 20, 1980, and flown to Wiesbaden Air Base in … As a result, a federal judge ruled that no damages could be awarded to the hostages because of the agreement the United States had made when the hostages were freed. The provisional government had been appointed by Khomeini, and so Khomeini was likely to go along with the government's request to restore order. Because of its importance to the Allied war plans, Iran was subsequently referred to as "The Bridge of Victory" by Winston Churchill. [134] The released hostages were then flown to Stewart Air National Guard Base in Newburgh, New York. [83] Others reported having their hands bound "day and night" for days[84] or even weeks,[85] long periods of solitary confinement,[86] and months of being forbidden to speak to one another[87] or to stand, walk, or leave their space unless they were going to the bathroom. Nalle, David. The hostage-takers, declaring their solidarity with other "oppressed minorities" and "the special place of women in Islam," released one woman and two African Americanson November 19. [56] As some of the student leaders had hoped, Iran's moderate prime minister, Bazargan, and his cabinet resigned under pressure just days after the takeover. President Carter’s efforts to bring an end to the hostage crisis soon became one of his foremost priorities. A severe backlash against Iranians in the United States developed. Rocks and bullets had broken so many of the embassy's front-facing windows that they had been replaced with bulletproof glass. [106] When the pilot announced that they were out of Iran, the "freed hostages went wild with happiness. Khoeiniha feared that the government would use the police to expel the students as they had the occupiers in February. On the day the hostages were seized, six American diplomats evaded capture and remained in hiding at the home of the Canadian diplomat John Sheardown, under the protection of the Canadian ambassador, Ken Taylor. They are our guests. "[89] The hostage-takers played Russian roulette with their victims. Jerry Plotkin – American Businessman released January 1981. In July 1979, the revolutionaries forced the Shah to disband his government and flee to Egypt. All Rights Reserved. By midsummer 1980, the Iranians had moved the hostages to prisons in Tehran[76] to prevent escapes or rescue attempts and to improve the logistics of guard shifts and food delivery. All were released by late 1982. In response to these policies, the American C.I.A. Before release, these hostages were required by their captors to hold a press conference in which Kathy Gross and William Quarles praised the revolution's aims, but four further women and six African-Americans were released the following day. 65, 144, Malcolm Kalp in Bowden 2006, pp. For several decades before that, the United States government had allied with and supported the Shah. [118] On Friday Brzezinski held a newly scheduled meeting of the National Security Council where the president authorized Operation Eagle Claw, a military expedition into Tehran to rescue the hostages. The immediate cause of this action was President Jimmy Carters decision to allow Irans deposed Shah, a pro-Western autocrat who had been expelled from his country some months before, to come to the United States for cancer treatment. At this point, a third helicopter was found to be unserviceable, bringing the total below the six deemed vital for the mission. After a short period of time, 13 of these hostages were released. The group identified 23 issues that were significant in the failure of the mission, 11 of which it deemed major. A small number of hostages, not captured at the embassy, were taken in Iran during the same time period. The group's other demands included that the U.S. government apologize for its interference in the internal affairs of Iran, including the overthrow of Prime Minister Mosaddegh in 1953, and that Iran's frozen assets in the United States be released. On November 4, 1979, a group of Iranian students stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking more than 60 American hostages. The former hostages and their relatives were transported to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. The failed attempt on April 24, 1980, resulted in the death of one Iranian civilian, and the accidental deaths of eight American servicemen after one of the helicopters crashed into a transport aircraft. When warmer confinement did not help, he was told that it was "nothing" and that the symptoms would soon disappear. [49] According to one embassy staff member, buses full of demonstrators began to appear outside the embassy shortly after the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line broke through the gates. In the United States, the hostage crisis created "a surge of patriotism" and left "the American people more united than they have been on any issue in two decades. Now they face a new challenge", Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate 1992, Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980, "The Hugo Keesing Collection on the Gulf Wars", "O Superman — Laurie Anderson's experimental hit proved to be uncannily prophetic", The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich, The Iran Hostages: Efforts to Obtain Compensation, Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush, Prisoner exchanges between Iran and United States, U.S. raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil, 2009–11 detention of American hikers by Iran, Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Iran), Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity (Iran v. United States), Arab states–Israeli alliance against Iran, International Maritime Security Construct, 2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone, December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria, United States threat for destruction of Iranian cultural sites, 2020 Iranian attack on U.S. forces in Iraq, February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria, Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act, Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act, Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act, United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran. Revolutionary teams displayed secret documents purportedly taken from the embassy, sometimes painstakingly reconstructed after shredding,[62] to buttress their claim that the U.S. was trying to destabilize the new regime. [136], The Iraqi invasion of Iran occurred less than a year after the embassy employees were taken hostage. Thirteen hostages were released November 19–20, 1979, and one was released on July 11, 1980. [19][20][21] The U.S. continued to support and fund the Shah after the coup, with the Central Intelligence Agency training SAVAK (the Iranian secret service). The Algiers Accords of 1981 was very essential for peace with the United States for affairs with foreign countries The Algiers accord was drawn up and ratified, ending the 444 days of conflict." [165] This alleged plot to influence the outcome of the 1980 United States presidential election between Carter and Reagan became known as the October Surprise conspiracy theory. It lost international support for its war against Iraq, and the negotiated settlement was considered almost wholly favorable to the United States because it did not meet any of Iran's original demands. However, on November 4, 2009, pro-democracy protesters and reformists demonstrated in the streets of Tehran. Learn about key events in history and their connections to today. 507–11, Joe Subic, Kevin Hemening, and Steve Lauterbach, in Bowden 2006, p. 344, 'Hall's apartment ransacked' in Bowden 2006, p. 257, Roeder's in Bowden 2006, p. 570, sfn error: no target: CITEREFHolloway1980 (, Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization, Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas, Iran University of Science and Technology, Portal:Documents Seized from the US Embassy in Tehran, Learn how and when to remove this template message, 2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran, 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran, Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad, Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, List of foreign nationals detained in Iran, United Nations Security Council Resolution 457, "444 Days in the Dark: An Oral History of the Iran Hostage Crisis", "Thirty-five years after Iranian hostage crisis, the aftershocks remain", "History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian", Reagan's Lucky Day: Iranian Hostage Crisis Helped The Great Communicator To Victory, "A Review Of US Unilateral Sanctions Against Iran", "Country name calling: the case of Iran vs. Persia", "Shah's surgeons unblock bile duct and also remove his gallbladder", "Daugherty | Jimmy Carter and the 1979 Decision to Admit the Shah into the United States", "Weak Understanding is Cause of Bad Iran Policies", "Stephen Kinzer on US-Iranian Relations, the 1953 CIA Coup in Iran and the Roots of Middle East Terror", "Journal of Homeland Security review of Mark Bowden's "Guests of the Ayatollah, "National Archives and Records Administration, Access to Archival Databases (AAD): Central Foreign Policy Files, created 7/1/1973 – 12/31/1979; Electronic Telegrams, 1979 (searchable database)", "7 Years after Embassy Seizure, Iran Still Prints U.S. (2003). [127][128] There are theories and conspiracy theories regarding why Iran postponed the release until that moment. [146], The Guardian reported in 2006 that a group called the Committee for the Commemoration of Martyrs of the Global Islamic Campaign had used the embassy to recruit "martyrdom seekers": volunteers to carry out operations against Western and Israeli targets. Aftermath Across the United States, the hostage crisis sparked an outpouring of patriotism and unity the extent of which had not been seen since after the December 7, 1941 bombing of Pearl Harbor , and would not be seen again until after the terror attacks … Iran, at last, released the hostages on January 20, 1981, just moments after Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as the new U.S. president. The source of tension between Iran and the U.S. stemmed from an increasingly intense conflict over oil. For the C.I.A. Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage after a group of militarized Iranian college students belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who supported the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran[3][4] and seized hostages. When the embassy guards brandished firearms, the protesters retreated, with one telling the Americans, "We don't mean any harm. The hostages described beatings,[81] theft,[82] and fear of bodily harm. At the same time, his intense focus on bringing the hostages home kept him away from the campaign trail. Iranian Hostages Released. [160] After failing in the courts, the former hostages turned to Congress and won support from both Democrats and Republicans, resulting in Congress passing a bill (2015 United States Victims of State Sponsored Terrorism Act [USVSST]) in December 2015 that afforded the hostages compensation from a fund to be financed from fines imposed on companies found guilty of breaking American sanctions against Iran. On November 4, 1979, a group of Iranian students stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking more than 60 American hostages. [72] Before release, these hostages were required by their captors to hold a press conference in which Kathy Gross and William Quarles praised the revolution's aims,[73] but four further women and six African-Americans were released the following day. Iran's demands were rejected by the United States, and Iran saw the decision to grant him asylum as American complicity in those atrocities. A female student was given a pair of metal cutters to break the chains locking the embassy's gates and hid them beneath her chador. The 2012 Hollywood movie Argo was based on the Canadian Caper rescue. A later study claimed that there had been no American plots to overthrow the revolutionaries, and that a CIA intelligence-gathering mission at the embassy had been "notably ineffectual, gathering little information and hampered by the fact that none of the three officers spoke the local language, Persian." [147] Mohammad Samadi, a spokesman for the group, signed up several hundred volunteers in a few days.[147]. In May 1980, the Joint Chiefs of Staff commissioned a Special Operations review group of six senior military officers, led by Adm. James L. Holloway III, to thoroughly examine all aspects of the rescue attempt. The Shah appointed himself an absolute monarch rather than a constitutional monarch, his position before the 1953 crisis, with the aim of assuming complete control of the government and purging "disloyal" elements. [111] President Carter applied economic and diplomatic pressure: Oil imports from Iran were ended on November 12, 1979, and with Executive Order 12170, around US$8 billion of Iranian assets in the United States were frozen by the Office of Foreign Assets Control on November 14. Ambassador William Sullivan surrendered the embassy to save lives, and with the assistance of Iranian Foreign Minister Ebrahim Yazdi, returned the embassy to U.S. hands within three hours. Did you know? (For one thing, President Carter, aware of the Shah’s terrible record in that department, was reluctant to defend him.) We just want to sit in." The overriding issue was operational security – that is, keeping the mission secret so that the arrival of the rescue team at the embassy would be a complete surprise. The failed rescue attempt and the political danger of any move seen as accommodating America delayed a negotiated release of the hostages. 6 would have continued the mission if instructed to do so. Internal situation in Iran; Attack on British Embassy; Hostage-taking at US Embassy; Freezing of Iranian Assets; US Mission to release hostages; Relations with US & UK following hostage taking at US Embassy. Express/Getty Images. The U.S. maintained that the Shah – who was to die less than a year later, in July 1980 – had come to America for medical attention. Six helicopters was thought to be the absolute minimum required for the rescue mission, so with the force reduced to five, the local commander radioed his intention to abort. But later that evening, back in Tehran, Yazdi heard on the radio that Khomeini had issued a statement supporting the seizure, calling it "the second revolution" and the embassy an "American spy den in Tehran. Their first stop in the U.S? [79] In America, an Iranian chargé d'affaires, Ali Agha, stormed out of a meeting with an American official, exclaiming: "We are not mistreating the hostages. Two others, Mohsen Mirdamadi and Habibolah Bitaraf, supported Asgharzadeh's chosen target: the United States. [165], After twelve years of varying media attention, both houses of the United States Congress held separate inquiries and concluded that credible evidence supporting the allegation was absent or insufficient. In the subsequent decades of the Cold War, various economic, cultural, and political issues united Iranian opposition against the Shah and led to his eventual overthrow. Held hostage by Iran for 444 days four decades ago, Barry Rosen now writes that, as the U.S. attempts to renew talks with Iran, it should make the release of all hostages … Queen, the hostage sent home because of his multiple sclerosis, first developed dizziness and numbness in his left arm six months before his release. Of 53 hostages, which includes an additional diplomat who was released early, an estimated 18 have died. Photo by Associated Press/Adam Stoltman Forty years ago, after 444 days in captivity, the 52 Americans held hostage in Iran were released. [36] This incident became known as the Valentine's Day Open House.[37]. Hostages in Iran Fly to Freedom After 444-Day Ordeal", "52 FORMER HOSTAGES START READAPTING IN U.S. AIR FORCE HOSPITAL IN GERMANY", "NEWBURGH, N.Y. FORMER HOSTAGES HOME FROM IRAN, FAMILIES JOIN THEM AT WEST POINT; PRESIDENT LEADS NATION IN THANKS", "HOSTAGES' PARADE SET A RECORD, DIDN'T IT? The first time, he was kept in handcuffs for two weeks,[91] and the second time, he was beaten and kept alone in a freezing cell for two weeks. Iran hostage crisis – In November 1979, 66 Americans were taken hostage after supporters of Iran's Islamic Revolution took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, Iran. https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/iran-hostage-crisis. There, an inspection showed that a hydraulic fluid leak had damaged a pump and that the helicopter could not be flown safely, nor repaired in time to continue the mission. During the power exchange from President Jimmy Carter to President Ronald Reagan, Iran releases 52 American hostages. The report by Holloway's group pointed out that a cracked helicopter blade could have been used to continue the mission and that its likelihood of catastrophic failure would have been low for many hours, especially at lower flying speeds. [68], Revolutionary teams displayed secret documents purportedly taken from the embassy, sometimes painstakingly reconstructed after shredding,[62] to buttress their claim that "the Great Satan" (the U.S.) was trying to destabilize the new regime and that Iranian moderates were in league with the U.S. They are being very well taken care of in Tehran. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! However, in October 1979 President Carter agreed to allow the exiled leader to enter the U.S. for treatment of an advanced malignant lymphoma. His decision was humanitarian, not political; nevertheless, as one American later noted, it was like throwing “a burning branch into a bucket of kerosene.” Anti-American sentiment in Iran exploded. Iran selected Algeria as its protecting power in the United States, transferring the mandate to Pakistan in 1992. [94] Jerry Miele, a CIA communication technician, smashed his head into the corner of a door, knocking himself unconscious and cutting a deep gash. The hostages were held for 444 days from November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981. [25], The Carter administration tried to mitigate anti-American feeling by promoting a new relationship with the de facto Iranian government and continuing military cooperation in hopes that the situation would stabilize. United States Secretary of State Cyrus Vance resigned his position following the failure. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Persistent but unproven accusations that Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign negotiated a secret deal with Iran to prevent the release of American hostages … The crisis reached a climax after diplomatic negotiations failed to win the release of the hostages. Helicopter No. Media related to Iran hostage crisis at Wikimedia Commons, This article is about the siege of the American embassy in Tehran. In April 1980, frustrated with the slow pace of diplomacy (and over the objections of several of his advisers), Carter decided to launch a risky military rescue mission known as Operation Eagle Claw. [129][130][131] (See also: October Surprise conspiracy theory) They were flown on an Algerian plane from Iran to Algiers, Algeria, where they were formally transferred to Warren M. Christopher, the representative of the United States, as a symbolic gesture of appreciation for the Algerian government's help in resolving the crisis. This severed the usual relationship between pilots and weather forecasters; the pilots were not informed about the local dust storms. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. However, a severe desert sandstorm on the day of the mission caused several helicopters to malfunction, including one that veered into a large transport plane during takeoff. The duration of the hostages' captivity has also been attributed to internal Iranian revolutionary politics. [60] Fidel Castro reportedly praised Khomeini as a revolutionary anti-imperialist who could find common cause between revolutionary socialists and anti-American Islamists. The whole saga is lengthy and convoluted, but the core allegation is this: that in the middle of the Iran hostage crisis, the Reagan campaign made a secret deal with the new rulers of Iran … The 52 American hostages, seized from the US Embassy in Tehran in November 1979, were finally released on 20 January 1981. Mosaddegh led a general strike on behalf of the Iranian public, demanding an increased share of the nation's petroleum revenue from foreign oil companies operating in Iran, most notably the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. This was paid by the US Government. The initial plan was to hold the embassy for only a short time, but this changed after it became apparent how popular the takeover was and that Khomeini had given it his full support. In a TV address on October 22, ...read more, On October 6, 1973, hoping to win back territory lost to Israel during the third Arab-Israeli war, in 1967, Egyptian and Syrian forces launched a coordinated attack against Israel on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in the Jewish calendar. [64] The referendum was successful, and after the vote, both leftists and theocrats continued to use allegations of pro-Americanism to suppress their opponents: relatively moderate political forces that included the Iranian Freedom Movement, the National Front, Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari,[65] and later President Abolhassan Banisadr. At question is the 1980 presidential election between Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter, specifically the “October Surprise” that is alleged to have handed Reagan the election, long dismissed as a conspiracy theory. The United States selected Switzerland as its protecting power in Iran. A second rescue attempt, planned but never carried out, would have used highly modified YMC-130H Hercules aircraft. [50] Some attributed the decision not to release the hostages quickly to President Carter's failure to immediately deliver an ultimatum to Iran. Supporters of the takeover stated that their motivation was fear of another American-backed coup against their popular revolution. [35] Kraus was injured in the attack, kidnapped by the militants, tortured, tried, and convicted of murder. One was a chemical engineering student from URI.[34]. Bruce Laingen, hostage and former charge d’affaires to the embassy in Iran on the operation: “While no day hurts more — than today and always — than the day when these brave men lost their lives in an attempt to reach us, no day makes us more proud as well, because of the way in which they stood for that cause of human freedom. [69] According to a 1997 Federation of American Scientists bulletin, by 1995, 77 volumes of Documents from the U.S. "[102], The cruelty of the Iranian prison guards became "a form of slow torture. [59] The Soviets, and possibly their allies Cuba, Libya, and East Germany, were suspected of providing indirect assistance to the participants in the takeover of the U.S. embassy in Tehran. Cynthia Dwyer – American reporter, arrested May 5, 1980, charged with espionage and freed on February 10, 1981. [14] The crisis also led to American economic sanctions against Iran, which further weakened ties between the two countries. The United States and Iran broke off formal diplomatic relations over the hostage crisis.
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